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This study examines the circumstances under which abortion may be legally permitted in Uganda and other African countries, looking at the exceptions and defences within the law. It demonstrates the circumstances under which those who seek or provide these life-saving abortion and post-abortion care services can do so without the threat of legal prosecution. In that regard, it enhances the foundations for strategic litigation against punitive penal provisions and legal defences for individuals caught up in the criminal justice system by the law on abortion. The paper clarifies what the law actually says, exposes contradictions and barriers, and provides evidence that can strengthen advocacy to decriminalise abortion in the case-study countries and across Africa.